By the nineteenth century the Seminole were deemed a threat to the slaveholding culture of the American South and thus were designated for pacification and removal. In three ensuing wars the Seminole resisted these efforts. Although they were not conquered during the Seminole Wars —18, —42, and —58 , thousands moved west in their aftermaths. Most removed as a result of the Treaty of Payne's Landing The first group of migrants, under the leadership of Chief Holahte Emathla, arrived in present Oklahoma in By most of the Seminole had been relocated west.
By they numbered about 3, in the Indian Territory. There they eventually formed the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma. A minority of the Seminole between and remained in Florida. A separate Seminole Nation of Florida formed in After their relocation to the Indian Territory the Seminole were initially confined to the Creek Nation.
There the United States allowed them to have some self-governance, but only if they adhered to the general laws of the Creek. Frustrations with these terms and the general conditions in the region led two bands of Seminole under Wild Cat and John Horse to migrate to Mexico in Originally there were twenty-four towns in this territory, which is present Seminole County in Oklahoma. During the American Civil War of —65, most Seminole sided with the Confederacy, and many dissident refugees fled to Kansas.
Under the Curtis Act of the Dawes Commission dissolved the Seminole government and divided its territory among approximately three thousand enrolled tribe members. The restrictions that accompanied allotment did little to protect their interests in the land.
Through sale, often by fraudulent means, many Seminole families and individuals lost their land holdings. By only about 20 percent of the Seminole lands remained in Seminole hands. Of those who retained their property, a few became wealthy following the discovery of the Greater Seminole Oil Field in The policy of allotment was repealed by Congress in We request and petition you to use your influence with Congress and the President of the United States to obtain for us the following lands and benefits.
The Seminole delegation concluded their address to Mr. Ickes with requests that included setting aside lands in the vicinity of the present day Brighton and Big Cypress reservations for the use of the Indians. It also asked for allowances for lands that had been taken from them, and medical assistance. The biggest concession that the Tribe was willing to make was that they were no longer at war with the Government.
The reservation question divided the Florida native peoples into two camps. One group would become known as the Miccosukee Tribe of Seminole Indians of Florida; they were located next to the newly created Everglades National Park, effectively putting the area out of the reach of developers. The area provided, albeit imperfectly, a safe haven for people who held traditional views. The second group, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, took the offer of the reservation lands and began a new way to sustain the Seminole culture.
They used the reservations as preservation areas in which to maintain the customs, language and self-government of the Tribe. It provided a permanent and secure answer to the problem of the growing non-native population. There were many issues that led to the decisions made by leaders at the time. These included health care, education, Christianization of tribal members, the re-establishment of the tribal cattle industry, and so on.
The reservations, more or less as they exist today, were established at the end of the Great Depression. A New Deal program, the Civilian Conservation Corps, had a special section, the Indian Department, or CCC-ID, that went to work helping to establish basic needs on the reservations, including training tribal members to become skilled in range improvement, water control, digging wells, fencing, operating heavy equipment and constructing windmills.
Most of these skills relate to the cattle industry, so it seems appropriate that the first elected officials of the reservations were the committee members of the Brighton Agricultural and Livestock Enterprise and the Big Cypress Agricultural and Livestock Enterprise organizations.
In , the United States Congress passed legislation to terminate federal tribal programs. Tribal members and their supporters were able to successfully argue against termination and by had drafted a Tribal constitution. They attained self-government through the formation of a governing body, the Tribal Council.
At the same time, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, Inc. Beginning in a bingo hall on the Dania Reservation, Indian gaming today is the mainstay of many tribal economies across the country. The economic stability provided by gaming, combined with the cattle, citrus, and other business enterprises, has made the Seminole Tribe of Florida one of the most successful native business peoples in the United States today.
It has also provided them the resources to preserve their culture through programs such as the Tribal Historic Preservation Office, Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum, the Ahfachkee School and numerous language and culture programs.
Culture and History. Seminole History. Tribal Register of Historic Places. The Council Oak was the backdrop for the signing of the Tribal Constitution.
It can still be seen today on the Hollywood Reservation. When the Seminoles learn of the possible termination of the Tribe, they work with Rex Quinn to organize politically and gain federal recognition. The Tribe gains federal status as the Seminole Tribe of Florida. The government consists of a Council and a Board. Billy Osceola is elected as the first Chairman.
Buffalo Tiger serves as the first Chairman until Several Seminole families chose not to join either Tribe, remaining to this day Independent Seminoles. In , it is renamed Alligator Times, and finally, the Seminole Tribune in Eventually Ahfachkee will become a charter school serving Kth grade. During her term, she ensures tribal members receive health services. His eight-year term sees the advent of taxfree cigarette sales.
Bingo is introduced and negotiations for bingo rights begin. Fred Smith is elected as President. Billie is elected as Tribal Chairman. Bingo becomes the biggest source of income for the Tribe. Billie is arrested for killing a panther for medicine man Sonny Billie.
The trial tests the rights of Tribal sovereignty. The Chairman is acquitted. Both multi-purpose centers will consist of a senior center, Head Start center, a kitchen, and Tribal offices. Casinos are set up on the Hollywood, Immokalee, and Tampa reservations. The Seminole Tribe of Florida and the State of Florida agree on a water compact allowing the Tribe more control on their water resources.
Kennedy journalism award from Ethel Kennedy. The Seminoles assume full management of gaming activities on the Hollywood Reservation. Seminole students attend instead of going to their public school classes. The Seminole Tribe becomes the first Native American tribe to purchase a major international corporation.
August 25, The Seminole Tribe of Florida celebrates the 50th anniversary of the signing of its constitution and corporate charter. This school was born out of the language and culture school started in It took 20 years to reach this agreement. Billie is re-elected as Chairman and Tony Sanchez is elected as President. Osceola, Jr.
0コメント